Working Papers / Reports

This report presents an in-depth analysis of how households in Bihar navigate the complex interplay between limited incomes, rising aspirations, and expanding debt burdens. Drawing on data from the PRICE ICE 360 Survey (2021–22) and the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (2023–24), it highlights a striking paradox, the households in Bihar are spending beyond their means, prioritizing education, healthcare, and mobility as pathways to upward mobility. However, this aspirational spending is often financed through high-cost, informal credit, exposing families to persistent financial vulnerability. The study frames this as a “fragile financial transition”, where debt acts both as a bridge to progress and a source of risk. The report concludes with actionable policy recommendations focused on strengthening financial inclusion, expanding social safety nets, and encouraging productive over-consumptive borrowing.

This report analyses thirteen years of trends in India’s higher education system (2010–11 to 2022–23) using data from the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) conducted by the Ministry of Education. It examines how enrolment among Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) has evolved relative to the General Category, providing a comprehensive view of the ongoing democratisation of higher education in India.

This study analyzes gender income disparities in India using PLFS 2023–24 data and finds that, despite rising female labour force participation, income gaps remain deeply entrenched. Women’s median monthly income continues to stagnate at ₹6,000, while men earn ₹15,000, reflecting a persistent 60% gap. The analysis shows that structural factors such as occupational segregation, social norms, and limited access to higher-paying industries drive these disparities. Gaps are sharper in urban areas and sectors like education and real estate. The findings highlight the need for stronger policies promoting equitable pay, improved access to quality employment for women, and gender-responsive labour market reforms.